Muhammad Ali Pasha conflict with the tribes and Upper Egypt's Arabs (Hawara - Arab Almtaanh - Aldjaafarh

   Muhammad Ali Pasha, a conflict with the tribes and Upper Egypt's Arabs 

    (Hawara - Arab Almtaanh - Aldjaafarh)

Arabs are the backbone and the strength of the Islamic state since its inception in Medina until he came Abbasids Vedjloa non - Arab Persians and other elements of the state administrative components of the work of the state and military service and others that have been dispensed with Arabs in Mu'tasim Abbasi , where Arabs dropped from the Office of thesoldiers time which Arabs pay to do many revolutions refused to order the non - Arab and has been upper Egypt , the scene ofnumerous events throughout history has carried Alqrxion Brigade of these revolutions were there movements and revolutions . for example , there was a movement of Abu Abd al - Rahman al- Omari and Ibn Sufi upper upper Egypt - day state Tulunid 256 H and NH in the year 651 AH 1253 the Arab level , a major revolt against taking the Mamluk ruler of Egypt after the inauguration of the goats Aybak Turkmen ruled Egypt and the revolution was led by Al - Din Fort Fox , who said thefamous colth (We are the country 's owners, and prevent armies from eating abscess, said he and his companions fist deserving of the king of the Mamluk was enough I served the sons of Ayoub, and they Kharijites out of the country), and the nose of theArabs from the Turk service, but they said they are the servants of the Kharijites (Ayyubids), and wrote to King Nasser His Damascus Astgesouna to come to Egypt .

And Arabs gathered about religion Fort Fox, bringing the number of horsemen 12 thousand non Alrjalh and met in battle with the kingdoms Army, which was less than a number, but he was a regular army Fdart circle on the Arabs and were defeated, and the dispersion of the respondents and had been the Nakba most calamities on the Arabs in Upper Egypt and the whole of Egypt.

Although the incident was the most prominent and the most in the history of the Arabs in Egypt and in the level , especially the insurgency and the revolutions of the movements did not stop and have used the Mamluk divide and rule against Arab tribes and non - Arab , and to weaken it and reduce its strength and break Huktha They stood with tribes against other tribes and worked to raise conflicts between Arab tribes in Upper Egypt ,as happened in the movement of Mohammed bin tribe leader grappled Aljhenneh continued Aerki where to stop the Mamluk with Bani Hilal against the humpback and also used theMamluk Balhuarh in the elimination of the state of Bani Rabia Aswan , but hired in their fight cousins Hawara Bahri as historian N Jabarti has been mentioned in the history of the facts of the year 1123 AH he was before he took to the Pasha state of Egypt before arriving he  Qansouh your district officer drawing directed by stripping him to Hawara spoilers who came to Egypt , the company of Mohamed Bey Saidi , and returned accompanied by the Akharbwa Akhmim and killed Scout and Amir Expeditionary Mohamed Bey Katamesh and accompanied A military He then asked Upper Egypt until it reached Assiut He seized all of his grandfather by Mohamed Bey Saidi and killed, including Hussein Uhde Pasha , the son Duqmaq then go to Manfalut and fled communities Hawara its people to thewestern mountain and came to Hawara nautical company ofPrince Hassan told him what happened to them and walked accompanied to Gerga came down Bachioan and the most prominent firman has been read in the presence of all Bahrac blood Hawara before me and ordered to ride them to Esna and shed them Hawara sea and looted their cattle and their sheep and their belongings and Toahinhm and Achtvo of them and all those who found him whom killed him was still in his memoirs until Qena arrived and qus and then returned to Gerga (1)   .

:State of Muhammad Ali  

When Muhammad Ali took over therule of Egypt learned that the rule of Egypt will not be restored to him , but the elimination of three elements that represented the greatest threat to the stability of his rule are: 1. Al - Azhar.2. Mamluk. 3. Arab tribes. 

And Muhammad Ali was able to control these threats by using several pursued with each of them policies. 

The ways followed by Muhammad Ali in taming the tribes ofArab level:

1. Mohamed Ali appointed his son Ibrahim , the great ruler level in 1809 and dealing with the level and deal with the other country , which was annexed to his rule , where the conduct ofhis military campaigns to kill Arab tribes. 

2. Commitment in 1808 and issued a system canceled the land which was in possession of Arab tribes and elders then Aguettaha his family and his own and his senior staff from theKurds and Circassians and Copts and Hwam where the agricultural land owned by Mohammed Ali group , which hasbeen Aqtalla them that fall within areas inhabited by Arab tribes in the influential former lands like Prince Youssef Kamal Nag Hammadi in the area of influence and stability of Hawara and the territory of the Sunni circle in Esna and Aswan , whereThe influence of the Arabs Almtaanat and Aldjaafarh areas of the territory of his own were in the range of tribes of the children of Ali in Minya and Sohag south of Hawara.

Mohamed Ali

3. Muhammad Ali was politically skillful discovered that tribalism and elders commitment to the land that was paid level of the insurgency in the past , he worked to find a new elite loyal to him and his family after the forces of the influence ofsome families (sad, State, Abdel Nour, Peter) and the smartest reasons competition between the tribes struck Hawara iron hand and an alliance with the supervision of Akhmim to regain their influence. 

4. Muhammad Ali created a new army instead of the Mamluk army trained newly trained and applied in which modern and able to suppress insurgencies tribal and nomadic tribal in Upper Egypt military systems. 

As a result of these policies tribal society has hit the level ofdisintegration as a result of turning part to agricultural stability after the repair of canals and banks and the ownership of theelders Alabadiat in what is known Bmchaakh quotas and employed in the government apparatus , and that Muhammad Ali succeeded in stripping the Arab tribes in Upper Egypt ,which owned weapons and the Knights.

The family of Muhammad Ali 's policy with the Arab tribes after the establishment of the House of Representatives and before the revolution of 1919:

: Coptic elites and Sham

Use Muhammad Ali inupdate conductedEgypt necessitated increased useadministrative cadres to take overwork records and administrative writing and commerceand the Copts in Egypt monopolize these works and share them where Christians Shawwam and foreign communities Western or Oriental Kalshrks and Kurds, ArnaoutandnamesKboutrs and Hakim and Abdel Nour in Sohag and Obeidsharescienceessential asrival teacher Jacob in Qena and refracting Wisa in Assiut and family Ghali in Bani emerged Suef and that its members playedimportant role InStateMuhammad Ali.

Egypt in the Mamluk era

: The use of elements of supervision and non-Arab tribes

And are the elements belonging to the families inhabit cities such as level sad family in Bandar Esna and Shali family in Farshout and Sharii in Assiut , and  this was a natural consequence of the will of Muhammad Ali authority to weaken the influence of the Arab tribes to rebel rule Muhammad Ali: 

- sad to face the Arab tribes Almtaanat and Mahamid in Esna and Armant.

- Shali to Mnawoh tribes Hawara (Alhamaih).

- Bjato to counter the influence of Hawara children and Yahya in Albulabih inaugurated.

- State in Balyana against Hawara and Albulanaw Jirga.

The tomb of Sheikh Arab Hammam hill of Almtaanh

These policies followed by Muhammad Ali led to embrace theArab tribes of this new situation and transformed from a rebel movement to accept the legitimacy of Muhammad Ali authority after it weakened and the result was that could Muhammad Ali to deprive the tribes of their weapons and economic influence they received to share their families Previous power and political influence and fueled fire competition between the tribes and these families with the help of a party to another party. 

Could Muhammad Ali to do what he did not do others , and we can say that the state wanted Muhammad Ali can be governed by free from any elements of state could threaten his rule , and his eagerness to be unique is the military force and judged on the strength of the Mamluk and ended their presence and dominated the Al - Azhar and Arab tribes and subjected theinsurgency , whether in Egypt or outside Kalhijaz movements. 

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:the References 

1. full of history - the son of the ether.

2. Historical extended - Durar Sunni. 

3. The wonders of the relics in the biographies and news - Jabarti 

4. The evolution of the parliamentary elite level -Mohamd Abdel -Razek.